With the recent IPCC report highlighting the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions or face catastrophic consequences of global warming, the architectural spotlight has shifted to the challenge of adapting our existing, fossil-fuel-era buildings for a net-zero carbon future. This includes listed buildings—historically significant structures that not only require preservation but also need to align with modern sustainability goals.
When I first explored the dilapidated former J&W Campbell & Co garment factory in Glasgow’s Merchant City, the building seemed beyond saving. Decades of neglect had obscured its original charm and functionality, making the idea of transforming it into a vibrant 21st-century workplace feel ambitious. However, adaptive re-use allowed us to restore this historic gem, turning it into a beacon of sustainable design while preserving its heritage.
Challenges and Opportunities in Adaptive Re-Use
Preserving the Character of Listed Buildings
Listed buildings often boast natural materials like stone, which are inherently low-carbon, making them valuable assets in sustainable design. At The Garment Factory, the building’s red sandstone facades were carefully restored to manage moisture effectively and ensure long-term durability. Internally, we retained as much of the original lime plaster as possible for its breathability, which supports healthy indoor air quality. Where repairs were necessary, we used a modern substitute, Limelite, to maintain the original building’s hygroscopic properties.
Breathable paints further supported the ventilation of moisture through the façade, ensuring that both the building’s longevity and interior environment were optimized.
Minimizing Insulation Risks in Historic Buildings
Adding insulation to traditional and listed buildings is fraught with challenges, including the risk of condensation and damage to original materials. For The Garment Factory, we avoided insulating the stone walls and instead harnessed their thermal mass. The thick stone walls act as natural "storage heaters," absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night. This also provides cooling benefits in summer, reducing the need for energy-intensive air conditioning.
We super-insulated the roof—a straightforward intervention with minimal risk of condensation—and upgraded the roof glazing to enhance natural light while reducing heat loss. These changes were key to maintaining comfort and efficiency without compromising the building’s historic integrity.
Sustainable Building Services Retrofit
Outdated building services are a significant contributor to carbon emissions in existing structures. At The Garment Factory, we overhauled the entire system to reduce operational carbon emissions:
LED lighting: Energy-efficient LED bulbs replaced older, inefficient systems.
Low-flow water fixtures: Reduced water consumption without sacrificing functionality.
Heating upgrades: While we installed A+ rated gas boilers, hybrid systems using air or ground-source heat pumps are becoming more common and offer greater potential for decarbonization.
Perhaps the most significant departure from traditional office refurbishments was the rejection of air conditioning. Instead, we implemented assisted natural stack ventilation in collaboration with Breathing Buildings, a specialist in low-energy solutions. CO2 sensors and a traffic light system encourage occupants to open windows, while low-energy roof fans assist when needed.
Embodied Carbon and the Case for Reuse
Retrofitting and adapting existing buildings like The Garment Factory offer a powerful solution to the embodied carbon challenge. By retaining and reusing original materials, we avoid the substantial carbon footprint of demolition and new construction. This approach not only saves historic buildings but also aligns with the urgent need to reduce global carbon emissions.
A Path Forward for Listed Buildings
Adapting listed and traditional buildings for a net-zero carbon future requires expertise, creativity, and careful planning. These projects are not just about preservation but about innovation—finding ways to respect their past while equipping them for a sustainable future.
At The Garment Factory, we demonstrated how thoughtful adaptive re-use can transform a neglected historic structure into a functional, energy-efficient space. This project is just the beginning of what’s possible when we prioritize reuse over replacement. By embracing this approach, we can turn our built heritage into a cornerstone of the fight against climate change.
If you’re ready to explore how your building can meet the demands of a net-zero carbon future while celebrating its history, let’s discuss how adaptive re-use can work for you.
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